Introduction: The present study aimed to introduce the temporary marriage and to evaluate its position in Tehran.Method: this is a descriptive study. 395 residents of Tehran were selected either single or married. An attitude questionnaire was used for gathering the data.Findings: The results of the study have shown that there is at least 9.1 of temporary marriage in the families of the study sample. 25% of the cases said that they were ready for temporary marriage. Culture, family objection, logical objection and permanent wife’s objection are the main obstruct for temporary marriage in Iran. Also, men, single people, employed people, residents of the south and people with a history of temporary marriage in their family have tendency toward temporary marriage. Although 25% of the study population was inclined to temporary marriage, its prevalence in the society is about 9%.Conclusion: The main obstacles for temporary marriage are culture and family.

Objectives: Due to the importance of marriage in providing the society structure, foundation for family formation, and continuity of the generation, as well as considering the decline of marriage rate in Iran, this study was designed to explore desire and attitude to marriage among Iranian youth. Materials and Methods: Participants were 22 unmarried Iranian youth who were selected by purposive and snowball sampling from the capital of Iran, Tehran. Interviews were carefully recorded and concurrent with data collection, analysis was done using directed content analysis technique. After securing the data saturation, interviews were finished and data were categorized. Results: A total of 4 main categories and 12 sub-categories were derived from the results of the current study in terms of attitude to marriage among Iranian youth. Main categories included sense of excellence, achievement of calm, achieving stability, and the necessity of marriage. Conclusions: The concept of marriage from the viewpoint of Iranian youth is an essential element that can help to create a sense of stability, achieve calm in life, and ultimately achieve excellence. On the whole, the attitude to marriage was positive among unmarried Iranian youth, but marriage rate was definitely falling in Iran. Identification of the factors affecting marriage rate can be addressed in future national research.

Research Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of and premarital education on attitude toward marriage, resilience, and marriage expectation in students of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Research method: The research method was semi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design with control group. The statistical population was students of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences who were undergoing undergraduate and doctoral programs. The subjects were 30 people who were selected by random sampling among the students who were applying for these courses and The experimental and control groups were assigned to two groups of 15 pepole. The experimental group participated in six 60-minute pre-marriage and education sessions according to Angle and Wright method, and the control group did not receive any training. The data was collected using the psychometric scales of Bratan & Rosen's Marriage Attitude (1998), the resilience of Connor and Davidson (2003) and the marriage expectation of Jones and Nelson. To analyze the data in descriptive statistics (frequency distribution, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics, t-test and covariance analysis were used. Finding: Multivariate analysis of covariance analysis showed that premarital education is effective on marital attitude (p=0/003, F=10/862), resilience (p<0/001, F=249/718) and marriage expectation (p<0/001, F=43/892). Conclusion: Therefore, it can be said that the use of this method of premarital education and counseling on the attitude toward marriage, resilience and marriage expectation has been effective.

The attitude to marriage is one of the most important predictors of satisfaction after marriage and studying it can clarify the contexts and causes of marriage delay. This research aimed to investigate the role of parents' marital interactions and their marriage-related education in the prediction of children's attitude to marriage with a nonexperimental correlation method. The population included single girls and boys in the city of Tehran and 483 people were selected by the multistage sampling. The data were gathered by the standard questionnaire of attitude to marriage, and the researcher-made questionnaires of assessment of parent's marriage-related education and assessment of their marital interactions. They were analyzed by the multivariate linear regression test. According to the results, among the variables, just mothers' marital interactions influence children's attitude to marriage and the increase in its desirability leads to a better children's attitude to marriage. Therefore, by informing the parents, especially the mothers, about their effective role in children's attitude and performance in the future family life, and by providing necessary education, the family role in children's successful marriage can be increased.

Despite the substantial changes in the contemporary family buildings throughout the world, the behaviour of fertility and childbearing in many societies including Iran still rests upon marital union as a key and vital prerequisite for fertility and childbearing. In this line, the present study focuses primarily on marriage patterns from a demographic perspective, and examines the major dimensions and determinants associated with attitudes towards marriage patterns. This analysis identifies marriage patterns by such indicators as ideal age of marriage for girls and boys, endogamy, polygamy, the place of marriage in women's priority. The results of this article is based on a survey conducted in selected rural and urban areas of Iran, that includes 4267 males and females aged 15-64 years old. The preliminary results of this analysis indicate that the ideal age of marriage for girls and boys are respectively 21-24 years and 25-27 years old; almost half of the respondents are in favour of endogamy; education and marriage have the highest rank in women's priority; and males hold a substantially more positive attitude towards polygamy than females. These general patterns, however, are significantly affected by such demographic determinants as age, gender, urban-rural areas of residence, marital status, education, religiosity, and gender attitude.

Introduction: Attitude is a cognitive phenomenon that has a considerable influence on willingness to get married, age when married and the stability of marriage. Due to the gap in the field of qualitative researches on marriage in the country, this study aimed to explain the attitudes of married students towards marriage. Methods: This study was a qualitative study using content analysis in which data were collected using purposive sampling and in-depth semi-structured individual interviews with 18 married students selected from the Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran. Data was saturated after conducting 18 interviews. Data analysis was carried out through conventional content analysis; after the transcription of recorded interviews on paper and immersion in the data, the initial codes were extracted. To determine the main categories, initial codes were reviewed and classified in several steps. Results: In total, 589 concepts in initial coding, 68 categories in open coding, and 12 classes in axial coding were extracted. The main 12 classes and themes consisted of socio-cultural factors, early expriences and observing incomplete patterns, awreness of and understanding each other, material and spiritual support, realizing the sanctity of marriage, pressures for marriage, interference of parents and intergenerational transmission, economic factors, proper coping strategies, perceived personal development and willingness for marriage. The 12 main classes and themes were recognized as the effective factors on married students' attitude toward marriage. Conclusions: In this study, changing attitudes towards marriage was a fundamental factor in encouraging young people to get married, which can be implemented by following a systematic approach (general scheme). Promoting successful models of marriage in the society, moral and material support by parents, teaching coping strategies commensurate with the challenges of marriage, increasing marriage preparation skills, and government support in forming counseling units run by committed and professional and family psychologists and counselors are key items in this scheme.

This article investigates the problem of simultaneous attitude and vibration control of a flexible spacecraft to perform high precision attitude maneuvers and reduce vibrations caused by the flexible panel excitations in the presence of external disturbances, system uncertainties, and actuator faults. Adaptive integral sliding mode control is used in conjunction with an attitude actuator fault iterative learning observer (based on sliding mode) to develop an active fault tolerant algorithm considering rigid-flexible body dynamic interactions. The discontinuous structure of fault-tolerant control led to discontinuous commands in the control signal, resulting in chattering. This issue was resolved by introducing an adaptive rule for the sliding surface. Furthermore, the utilization of the sign function in the iterative learning observer for estimating actuator faults has not only enhanced its robustness to external disturbances through a straightforward design, but has also led to a decrease in computing workload. The strain rate feedback control algorithm has been employed with the use of piezoelectric sensor/actuator patches to minimize residual vibrations caused by rigid-flexible body dynamic interactions and the effect of attitude actuator faults. Lyapunov's law ensures finite-time overall system stability even with fully coupled rigid-flexible nonlinear dynamics. Numerical simulations demonstrate the performance and advantages of the proposed system compared to other conventional approaches.

This research article examines legal discrimination against children born out of wedlock in Iran. Despite laws promoting equality, societal attitudes influenced by beliefs continue to result in discrimination. The study explores the reconciliation of religious beliefs with legal frameworks and the changes made to the Iranian legal system in response to positive human rights developments. The Article seeks to bridge the research gaps by comparing the experiences of Iranian children with those in other countries affected by Islamic law. The study employs library sources and descriptive and historical research methods to examine the legal status of children born outside of marriage, both nationally and internationally, and the discrimination they face. The Article is structured into four distinct sections: an analysis of Islamic Law, a review of the Iranian legal system, an assessment of Iran's compliance with international conventions, and a discourse on the necessity of substantial positive change. The Article ultimately recommends the eradication of discrimination through heightened awareness and the advancement of inclusivity for all children, irrespective of their lineage. In summary, this research Article aims to shed light on legal challenges faced by children born outside of marriage in Iran, with the goal of promoting positive changes in their treatment.

Background: Premarital educational programs are considered important in promoting the quality of married life.Material and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 205 men at the stage of marriage. The data-gathering tool was a questionnaire about men attitudes to 6 fields of reproductive health.Results: Our results showed that the calculated mean of the attitude increased from 68.03±8.9 before participation to 71.6±9.4 after finishing the program (p>0.05).Conclusion: We conclude that the attitude of men should be improved in the field of reproductive health after such programs.

Background & Objective: AIDS is not only a health problem but also a socio-cultural challenge leading to economic problems. Since appropriate health behavior is the result of adequate knowledge and attitude, this study was performed on couples, referring to Kerman pre-marriage counseling center, to determine their knowledge and attitude towards AIDS and its related factors.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 1020 couples participated. Data was collected using a questionnaire concerning demographic information, and including 22 questions about knowledge and 10 items about attitudes.Results: According to our findings, the couples’ knowledge level was excellent in 40.1%, good in 37.4%, moderate in 20% and poor in 2.6%. The attitude was excellent in 58.4%, good in 33.5%, moderate in 7.1% and poor in 1.1%. There was a significant relationships between knowledge and attitude with age, educational status and career using Chi-square test (P=0.0001 in all cases) in a way that those with higher educational levels, in age group between 16 to 35 years old and employees had better knowledge and a more positive attitude. There was also a significant relationship between the attitude and sex (P=0.0001); male participants showed a more positive attitude compared with women. Among sources of knowledge, radio and TV were the most frequently mentioned ones (59.9%).Conclusion: Our results suggest that TV and radio are the most frequent information resources so improving their related educational programs according to addressed group is necessary. More attention to health education in schools accompanied with cooperation and supervision of health sector is recommended.